Physical Chemistry Of Leather Making

Price GBP 353.95

ISBN 9789387266841

Author K. Bienkiewicz

Year 2017

Publisher AKH Publishing House

Binding Hardcover

Cover Image Available

The book "Physical Chemistry of Leather Making" provides the process that converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible material that can putrefy when re-wetted, while tanned material dries out to a flexible form that does not become putrid when wetted back. A large number of different tanning methods and materials can be used; the choice is ultimately dependent on the end application of the leather. The most commonly used tanning material is chromium, which leaves the leather, once tanned, a pale blue colour (due to the chromium), this product is commonly called “wet blue”. This book is very helpful for the readers to explain the detailed characteristics of this field. The background of scientific principles involved in all leather-making processes, from rawhide to finished leather, is presented in this volume. In particular, the book describes and discusses the use of physical chemistry techniques in leather-making phenomena and establishes working principles upon which modern practice is based. The results of international research are also presented.

K. Bienkiewicz is an Adjunct Instructor at Institute of Technology, Warsaw. He has over a decade of experience in the leather industry as an award-winning leather artist, designer, writer and teacher. He obtained his Post Graduation in Manufacturing Engineering from University of Science, Astrakhan. His academic and research interests lie in leatherwork, manufacturing, tanning technology & engineering. Bienkiewiczhas authored and edited a number of articles, research papers and book chapters in these fields.

Preface IX
1. Collagen and Skin Structure 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Collagen and Skin in Leather Making 2
3. Chemistry of Collagen 6
4. Synthesis of Collagen 12
5. Molecular structure of Collagen 16
6. Characteristics and Uses of Collagen 18
7. Leather Degradation 19
8. Collagen Under the skin in Tanning Process 21
9. Structure of hides and skins 23
10. Chemistry of the Leather Industry 26
Conclusion 27
References 27
2. Skin and its Components 31
1. Introduction 31
2. Structure of Skin 31
3. Layers of Skin 32
4. Functions of the skin 41
5. Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Skin 45
6. Chemical Composition of Skin 53
7. Integumentary System in Animals 55
8. Histological Structure of Cowhide 58
9. Histological Structure of Skin 60
Conclusion 62
References 63
3. How to Make Leather? 66
1. Introduction 66
2. Introduction to Leather Making Process 66
3. Stages of making leather 75
4. Leather Making Methods 79
5. Beamhouse Operations 79
6. Tanyard Processes 83
7. Retanning Process 87
8. Finishing Process 89
Conclusion 92
References 92
4. Other Leather Making Process 95
1. Introduction 95
2. Preservation by Freezing, Drying and salting 97
3. Methods of Preserving Hides and Skins 100
4. Physical Chemistry of Raw Hide and Curing Process 104
5. Soaking and Fleshing Process 106
6. Unhairing Method 109
7. Liming and Deliming 110
8. Splitting Process 114
9. Bating and Pickling 122
Conclusion 122
References 123
5. Tanning Process in Leather Making 126
1. Introduction 126
2. History of Tanning 128
3. Traditional Method vs Modern Tanning Methods 130
4. Tanning Methods 133
5. Beamhouse Operations in Tanning 136
6. Overview of Tannery  138
7. Why Does Leather Need To Be Tanned 140
8. Preparations for Tanning 141
9. Stages of Tanning Process 146
10. Physical Alterations through tanning 148
11. Environmental Impact of Tanning 149
Conclusion 151
References 152
6. Introduction to Vegetable Tanning 154
1. Introduction 154
2. Introduction to Vegetable Tanned Leather 156
3. Tannins Used in Vegetable Tanning 158
4. Vegetable Tanning Leather vs. Chrome Tanning Leather 158
5. Tanning Process 158
6. Process of Vegetable Tanning 160
7. Benefits of Vegetable Tanned Leather 163
8. Environmental Impact of Vegetable Tanning 163
9. Leather Manufacture by Tanning Process 164
Conclusion 167
References 168
7. Chrome Tanning and Mineral Tanning 171
1. Introduction 171
2. Review of the development of chrome tanning 173
3. Chromium VI 175
4. History of Chrome Tanning 176
5. Process of Chrome Tanning 177
6. Chrome-free leather - FOC = Free of Chrome 179
7. Avatages and downsides of Chrome Tanning 181
8. Future of Chrome Tanning 182
9. Environmental Impact of Chrome Tanning 183
10. Tests on chromium (VI) 184
11. Avoidance of chromium VI compounds in leather 185
12. How to care for Chrome Leather 186
13. Chrome vs Vegetable Tanned Leather 187
14. Introduction to Mineral Tanning 190
15. Organic Tanning Options 194
16. Compact Tanning 196
Conclusion 199
References 200
8. Post-tanning Process 203
1. Introduction 203
2. Post-tanning  Operations  204
3. Tanning And Leather Finishing 207
4. Drying of Leather 212
5. Buffing and Snuffing Process 215
6. Retanning Process  218
Conclusion 221
References 221
9. Other Tannages 225
1. Introduction 225
2. Types of Tannage 226
3. Chrome Tannage 228
4. Vegetable Tannage 232
5. Non-chromium tannages 234
Conclusion 236
References 236
10. Fatliquoring and Finishing Process 239
1. Introduction 239
2. Process of Fatliquoring 241
3. Elements of Fatliquoring 243
4. Advances and modern techniques in fatliquoring and retanning 248
5. Introduction to Finishing 250
6. Leather Finishing Process 253
7. Purpose of Finishing Operations 257
8. Methods to Apply Finishes 259
9. Finishing with Resin Dispersion Binders 261
10. Finishing After Tannage 262
11. What are Finishes? 264
Conclusion 265
References 265
Index 269