"Leather industry is a very old manufacturing sector producing a broad range of goods such as leather footwear, leather bags, leather garments, and so on. Leather is one of the most widely traded commodities globally. The raw material used in leather industry is derived from the waste product of food industry, specifically from meat processing. The growth in demand for leather is driven by the fashion industry, especially footwear. Apart from this, furniture and interior design industries, as well as the automotive industry also demand leather. The leather industry has a place of prominence in the economy due to substantial export earnings and growth. Leather manufacturing has a long history, an interesting future, and is still a relevant material today.
This book fully explores the leather industry. The book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction to hide and skin. It focuses on leather skin and products, tanning of different animal skins/hides, the morphological characteristics of hides and skins, and the method for processing of hides or skins into leather. Chapter 2 focuses on tannin or tanic acid. Chapter 3 focuses on the role of gallic acid in leather industry. This chapter describes the preparation of gallic acid, properties of gallic acid, and gallic fermentation. Chapter 4 explores the fundamental concept of leather tanning, the consumption of tanning materials, and the vegetable tannins which are used in the manufacture of leathers. Chapter 5 explores on the estimation of tannin. Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. Chapter 6 focuses on bark tanning that explores the tannin and tannin sources, making the bark solution and how to bark tan. Bark tanning (aka vegetable tanning) is an ancient method of creating a durable leather using the tannins from various plants. A huge variety of leathers can be made depending on the skin, the source of the tannin, how much tannin is used and other factors. Chapter 7 focuses on finishing and miscellaneous operations such as bleaching, stuffing and fatliquoring, fatty acid spews, and coloring and dyed leather. This book serves as valuable tool for students and professionals in the field."
Menesuanu Michael is an Adjunct Professor at Community College, Stockholm. He has more than 10 years of experience in leather industry. He earned his Ph.D. in Industrial Design & Engineering from Technological University, Belgorod. He is actively engaged in the researches focused on finishing operations, tannin and hide and skin. Michael has been the recipient of two awards for his research work in the field of leather manufacturing with numerous revolutionizing texts, articles and research papers to his credit.
Preface IX
Chapter 1 Hide and Skin 1
1.1 leather Skin and Products 2
1.2 Tanning of Different Animal Skins/Hides 13
1.3 Morphological Characteristics of Hides and Skins 19
1.4 Method for Processing of Hides or Skins into Leather 22
Summary 29
Multiple Choice Questions 30
Review Questions 31
References 32
Chapter 2 Tannin or Tannic Acid 33
2.1 Vegetable Tannins 35
2.2 The Sources of Tannins 38
2.3 Tannin Fingerprinting in Vegetable Tanned Leather by Solid State NMR Spectroscopy 41
Summary 53
Multiple Choice Questions 54
Review Questions 55
References 56
Chapter 3 Gallic Acid 57
3.1 Preparation of Gallic Acid 58
3.2 Properties of Gallic Acid 62
3.3 Gallic Fermentation 67
Summary 78
Multiple Choice Questions 79
Review Questions 80
References 81
Chapter 4 Tanning Materials 83
4.1 Fundamental Concept of Leather Tanning 84
4.2 Consumption of Tanning Materials 92
4.3 Vegetable Tannins Used in the
Manufacture of Leathers 102
Summary 122
Multiple Choice Questions 123
Review Questions 124
References 125
Chapter 5 Estimation of Tannin 127
Introduction 127
5.1 Basic concept of Estimation of Tannin 128
5.2 Examination of Bark 144
5.3 Determination by Specific Gravity 148
Summary 156
Multiple Choice Questions 157
Review Questions 158
References 159
Chapter 6 Bark Tanning 161
Introduction 161
6.1 Tannin and Tannin Sources 163
6.2 Making the Bark Solution 168
6.3 How to Bark Tan 176
Summary 186
Multiple Choice Questions 187
Review Questions 188
References 189
Chapter 7 Finishing and Miscellaneous Operations 191
7.1 Bleaching 192
7.2 Stuffing and Fatliquoring 193
7.3 Fatty Acid Spews 197
7.4 Coloring 198
7.5 Dyed Leather 200
7.6 Finishing 208
Summary 217
Multiple choice Questions 218
Review Questions 219
References 220
Index 221 |
